The historical transformation of violence and the economization of domination

The historical development of human societies is characterized by a constant change in power structures, whereby the way conflicts are resolved and resources are subjected to profound transformations. At the center of this consideration is the question of the extent to which military violence is replaced by economic mechanisms or only in onemore civilized form was dressed. The philosophical and political debate as to whether modern trade actually overcome the martial conquest or whether it is just another facet of the same imperial logic, runs like a red thread through the centuries. This analysis sheds light on the tensions between liberal ideals of peaceful competition and thehistorical reality of violent submission.

The liberal transformation of war into competition

Starting from the premise that peace between rich nations and individuals can only be achieved under certain conditions, liberal thinking developed the conclusion to convert military hostilities into economic competition. The functions of the state should therefore be limited to a single core task, namely the security of goods andto ensure people, which essentially corresponds to the task of the police. The market and the law, which were first established at national level and later at the transnational level, should allow to regulate natural conquest and give them a civilized form. This theoretical shift was considered by certain political theorists as afundamental decline of the actual concept of the political.

The dissolution of the political through ethics and economy

It should always be noted that these liberal concepts move in a typical way between ethical attitudes and economic business interests. From these two polar sides, they try to completely destroy the political as a sphere of conquering power. The concept of the private law state serves as a lever, while private propertycenter forms, from which ethics and economy only emanate as opposing charisma. Ethical pathos and economic-realistic objectivity are combined in every typically liberal expression and give every political concept a completely different face. Thus, the political concept of struggle in liberal thinking on the economic side becomes competition and on thespiritual side for discussion.

The dynamics of eternal competition instead of clear states

In the liberal world view, the dynamic of eternal competition and an eternal discussion takes the place of a clear distinction between the two different states of war and peace. All of these theoretical dissolutions are aimed at great certainty to subject the state and politics to an individualistic and therefore private morality. At the same time they shouldsubordinate to economic categories and deprived of their specific political sense. Nevertheless, major historical events such as the Barbarossa company not only testified to a violent recurrence of the political as a sphere of conquering violence. At the same time, they revealed a deeply rooted economic-realistic objectivity that contradicted the liberal claims.

The historical stage of conquest and pacification

As for the liberal wing of history, the dominion of the market and the law formed the stage for a mighty undertaking of conquest and subsequent pacification. This not only affected the people of the known world from Germania to the Indus and Judea, who are regarded as barbaric. It included the entire Amerindian, African and Asianhumanity involved in this process. The military superiority of Western rationalism and its iron hand were so strong that one wondered at times whether the bodies of these powerful conquerors were subject to natural decomposition at all. From the ancient Roman legions to modern conquistadors, the superiority of the West could beone and the same mentality of conquest are characterized.

Anthropological hunting instinct and its critics

The last anthropological driving force of these conquests was described by some researchers to the effect that these actors had maintained a sufficiently strong hunting instinct despite all political and social culture. This instinct enabled her to attack her fellow human beings as well as prey and kill her victims with a disregard for life that oneotherwise only found in wild animal species. However, other anthropologists deny the well-foundedness of the thesis inspired by ethological determinism, according to which war is only the result of an aggression drive of animal origin. You notice that such a view is compared to the analysis that sees the war as a continuation of politics by other means,represent a bad theoretical step backwards.

The economic substructure of violence and domination

As is well known, it was already raised in the past that violence depends on an economic substructure and not on an archetypal relationship to which any isolated Robinsonade could provide the key. A century later, this objection was continued to the effect that most of the theses about slavery were dependent on the relationships between master and servantgoing out, expressed in terms of ownership. According to them, this ratio is primary and sufficient to describe the entirety of the slave phenomenon. But in order to understand slavery as a system or possibly as a way of production, there must be a continuity of slave relationships. These conditions must reproduce organically and institutionally, so that theyPreserving socio-political slave organization and relate social groups in a specific and incessantly renewed relationship of exploitation and domination.

The systematic organization of the human catch

Thus, the expeditions or raids on the violent capture of workers would not be based on an aggression instinct, nor on conquering rationalism. Instead, they are based on a specific social relationship that then defines the rational horizon of the means and ends of politics. The historical analysis hasShown that the Herr-Knecht relationship is the by-product of a relationship that is established within the framework of the global economic space of slavery. It is a relationship between slave-holding societies and human-producing societies. This relationship is also established by means of a complex set of apparatuses created toto organize space economically, including a military and trading apparatus that ensures the catch and transfer of people from one to the other.

The naked violence between unequal societies

However, the anthropologist immediately admits that there is no formal relationship between the slave-owning societies and those societies that were deprived of the enslaved workers. There is no other relationship other than the naked violence that one of the parties imposes without ever declared war or peace. This can be done with theIntegration of natural philosophicals summarize that large fish are by nature intended to eat the smaller ones and therefore take possession of the highest natural right of water. One could imagine the rule of ancient Rome over the barbaric peoples in a similar way. At least some historians believe that the material conditions thatAt the end of the republic, a limited group of people allowed Roman freedom to be created, among other things, by massacring perhaps a million Gauls and enslaving another million within ten years.

The transition from military imperialism to trade jurisdictions

This could have affected a fifth of the population of Northern Europe at that time, which illustrates the brutal efficiency of this expansion. With the emergence of a world economy between the fifteenth and the seventeenth century, as the successor to the rule of an empire, a civilizational upheaval took place. This was particularly at the victory of the Dutch merchantsrecognizable about the imperial ambitions of Spain. The question arises as to whether the jurisdiction of the trade in goods has dethroned military imperialism by following the ultimately instinctive, selfish and narrow-minded rule of looting a rule of liberal civility. This is exactly what some commentators claim that certain modern great powers,Far from pursuing imperialist and predatory ambitions, strive to preserve the civilizational achievements of a world economy focused on commodity trade and free labor.

The role of modern great powers as world police officers

As proof of this thesis, foreign policy in the Middle East is often cited, with the fact that military interventions in the Persian Gulf were obviously not motivated by altruism. Nevertheless, they are in turn inserted into the perspective of a world economy that has succeeded the world empires’ rule. The powers concerned want theirsguarantee security of supply and secure their influence over the export nations, in which they do not differ from other global players. However, there is an important difference, since the methods used to secure influence and supply include not only the conclusion of political alliances or trade alliances. They also include theUnfolding quite massive violence to deter those who, in pursuit of their own power dreams, are trying to interrupt or disturb oil and gas trading.

Stabilizing global energy markets

This dimension of energy policy, which cannot be compared with what other powers do, is said to benefit all states on the planet. It guarantees consumers their supply and the producers the successful delivery of their product. So the critics of these great powers are right on one point, because this country is an actor who differs from everyone elseactors in the oil and gas markets. However, this is not because it is driven by stinginess and raptors, nor because the energy supply plays an important role for foreign policy, which applies to all countries in the world. The special feature is that it is the only world policeman in oil and gas supply whose existence is the risks of allother countries included in this market.

The parallels between ancient and modern hegemony

But can’t the same thing be said of Rome, which fulfilled a similar function? The Pax Romana established a pacified and lawful trade order to ensure the conditions of universal prosperity. The matter is, as it seems, well underpinned by archaeological terms, because the military imperialism of the ancient Roman community secured amaterial and cultural prosperity. This benefited not only the Roman citizens, but also the barbarian peoples. This prosperity was exceptional in the image of prosperity under capitalism, compared not only with the archaic past, but also with the medieval future.

The historic break with the world capitalist economy

Roman rule and especially Roman peace brought a level of everyday amenities and progressiveness to the West that was unheard of before and after for many centuries. Nevertheless, there is a great difference between the rule of Rome in antiquity and the relative hegemony of North America, which is basically a truehistorical rupture. This rupture is located between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. Because what Europe was supposed to develop and what it still maintains today was a completely new form of appropriation of surpluses, a capitalist world economy. It was no longer based on the direct appropriation of agricultural surplus in the form of tributes such asin world empires or feudal pensions as in the system of European feudalism.

The Rise of the World Market Mechanism

What developed instead was an appropriation of surplus based on more efficient and expanded productivity, first in agriculture and later in industry. This was done by means of a world market mechanism with the artificial, i.e. non-market, support of state apparatuses. None of these state apparatuses controlled the world market in itsTotality, which was a fundamental innovation. This world market mechanism has now gained enough fame for the peoples of the world to accept its rule. The Amsterdam merchants had understood this when various monarchs tried in vain to restore the sovereignty of the Western Holy Roman Empire.

The end of theological-political world control

By the way, when the visionary strategy of the Protestant merchants enabled Amsterdam to become one of the most important ports in Europe and the financial center of the continent at the turn of the sixteenth to the seventeenth century, they knew that no theological-political power would be able to control the world market as a whole.economic mechanism finally took the place of the ancient splendor of the city of Rome and later of medieval royalty. Their halo of glory only survived in the form of a phantasm. Regarding this phantasm, a Brazilian anthropologist in the thirties of the twentieth century reported that its dark flip side had to do with Hebrew monotheism.saw a double turning point in a certain year of the fifteenth century.

Economic preconditions and historical stereotypes

On the one hand, this turning point was the precondition for the rise of a European global economy. On the other hand, it was the precondition for the emergence of the stubborn, structural conviction that Jewish traders held the levers of world trade in their hands. Basically, the Jewish problem in Portugal has always been only an economic one, caused by aprovocative and powerful mechanism that constantly sucked at the majority of the people. However, this was done not only for the benefit of the Israelite minority, but also for the benefit of the powerful plutocratic interests of the kings, the great lords and the spiritual orders. Through a quasi biological specialization process, these dealers everywhere became great technicians of usury.

The Legacy of Expulsion and Conquest

They were ascribed a profile of a bird of prey, with gestures of grabbing and holding, with hands in the form of claws incapable of sowing and creating, and only capable of gathering together. This is how historical circumstances have shaped these groups, as the historical analyses state. The edict to expel this population group had a similar convictionthis happened a few months before the Conquistadors set out to invade the New World like predators, driven by the same attributed inability to create and the sole urge to gather.